Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates proliferation of stem/progenitor cells: what we need to know to translate basic science research into clinical applications / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising therapy that has been increasingly explored in basic research and clinical applications. LIPUS is an appealing therapeutic option as it is a noninvasive treatment that has many advantages, including no risk of infection or tissue damage and no known adverse reactions. LIPUS has been shown to have many benefits including promotion of tissue healing, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration; inhibition of inflammation and pain relief; and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The biophysical mechanisms of LIPUS remain unclear and the studies are ongoing. In recent years, more and more research has focused on the relationship between LIPUS and stem/progenitor cells. A comprehensive search of the PubMed and Embase databases to July 2020 was performed. LIPUS has many effects on stem cells. Studies show that LIPUS can stimulate stem cells in vitro; promote stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration; maintain stem cell activity; alleviate the problems of insufficient seed cell source, differentiation, and maturation; and circumvent the low efficiency of stem cell transplantation. The mechanisms involved in the effects of LIPUS are not fully understood, but the effects demonstrated in studies thus far have been favorable. Much additional research is needed before LIPUS can progress from basic science research to large-scale clinical dissemination and application.

Low-Intensity Shock Wave Therapy and Its Application to Erectile Dysfunction

Although phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) are a revolution in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) and have been marketed since 1998, they cannot restore pathological changes in the penis. Low-energy shock wave therapy (LESWT) has been developed for treating ED, and clinical studies have shown that LESWT has the potential to affect PDE5I non-responders with ED with few adverse effects. Animal studies have shown that LESWT significantly improves penile hemodynamics and restores pathological changes in the penis of diabetic ED animal models. Although the mechanisms remain to be investigated, recent studies have reported that LESWT could partially restore corpus cavernosum fibromuscular pathological changes, endothelial dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathy. LESWT could be a novel modality for treating ED, and particularly PDE5I non-responders with organic ED, in the near future. However, further extensive evidence-based basic and clinical studies are needed. This review intends to summarize the scientific background underlying the effect of LESWT on ED.

Emerging neuromodulatory molecules for the treatment of neurogenic erectile dysfunction caused by cavernous nerve injury / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Advances in the neurobiology of growth factors, neural development, and prevention of cell death have resulted in a heightened clinical interest for the development of protective and regenerative neuromodulatory strategies for the cavernous nerves (CNs), as therapies for prostate cancer and other pelvic malignancies often result in neuronal damage and debilitating loss of sexual function. Nitric oxide released from the axonal end plates of these nerves within the corpora cavernosa causes relaxation of smooth muscle, initiating the haemodynamic changes of penile erection as well as contributing to maintained tumescence; the loss of CN function is primarily responsible for the development of erectile dysfunction (ED) after pelvic surgery and serves as the primary target for potential neuroprotective or regenerative strategies. Evidence from pre-clinical studies for select neuromodulatory approaches is reviewed, including neurotrophins, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors (GDNF), bone morphogenic proteins, immunophilin ligands, erythropoetin (EPO), and stem cells.

Recent advances in andrology-related stem cell research / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine because of their ability to self-renew and to differentiate into various cell types. Although embryonic stem cells (BSC) have greater differentiation potential than adult stem cells, the former is lagging in reaching clinical applications because of ethical concerns and governmental restrictions. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) are the best-studied adult stem cells (ASC) and have the potential to treat a wide variety of diseases, including erectile dysfunction (ED) and male infertility. More recently discovered adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) are virtually identical to bone marrow stem cells in differentiation and therapeutic potential, but are easier and safer to obtain, can be harvested in larger quantities, and have the associated benefit of reducing obesity. Therefore, ADSC appear to be a better choice for future clinical applications. We have previously shown that ESC could restore the erectile function of neurogenic ED in rats, and we now have evidence that ADSC could do so as well. We are also investigating whether ADSC can differentiate into Leydig, Sertoli and male germ cells. The eventual goal is to use ADSC to treat male infertility and testosterone deficiency.

Molecular Yin and Yang of erectile function and dysfunction / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

In regard to erectile function, Yin is flaccidity and Yang erection. In the past decade, research has mostly focused on the Yang aspect of erectile function. However, in recent years, the Yin side is attracting increasingly greater attention. This is due to the realization that penile flaccidity is no less important than penile erection and is actively maintained by mechanisms that play critical roles in certain types of erectile dysfunction (ED); for example, in diabetic patients. In addition, there is evidence that the Yin and Yang signaling pathways interact with each other during the transition from flaccidity to erection, and vice versa. As such, it is important that we view erectile function from not only the Yang but also the Yin side. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Yin and Yang of the penis. Emphasis is given to the Rho kinase signaling pathway that regulates the Yin, and to the cyclic nucleotide signaling pathway that regulates the Yang. Discussion is organized in such a way so as to follow the signaling cascade, that is, beginning with the extracellular signaling molecules (e.g., norepinephrin and nitric oxide) and their receptors, converging onto the intracellular effectors (e.g., Rho kinase and protein kinase G), branching into secondary effectors, and finishing with contractile molecules and phosphodiesterases. Interactions between the Yin and Yang signaling pathways are discussed as well.

Report of a case of penile epithelioid sarcoma / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To enhance the knowledge and the effect of the diagnosis and treatment of primary epithelioid sarcoma of the penis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One rare case of primary epithelioid sarcoma of the penis was studied with regard to its primary clinical process and characteristics, differential diagnosis and method of treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>An operation was performed on the penis to treat the epithelioid sarcoma. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistological and pathological techniques. There was no evidence of relapse during the three-year follow-up after operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The possibility of primary epithelioid sarcoma of the penis should be considered if a mass or induration of the proximal penis and the symptoms of urethremphraxis are found. Total phallectomy could be chosen as an appropriate method of treatment. Unless adenopathy is palpable, node dissections are not recommended.</p>

Causes of recurrence of urinary calculi following ESWL / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the causes of urinary calculi recurrence following ESWL. Methods After constructing the animal model of urinary calculi,the sheep with stone were treated by ESWL and the treated kidney was checked with morphological studies. Results The renal pelvic membrane was initially damaged heavily,the injure being healed from 2 ～ 4 weeks.At the same time, there were some calculi particles embeded in the renal pelvic membrane. Conclusions The embeded calculi particles and the damage of the pelvic membrane were the main causes of calculi recurrence following ESWL.

Expression of activating transcription factor 5(ATF5) in renal cell carcinoma / 中华泌尿外科杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the differential expression of ATF5--a novel gene fished out by yeast two hybrid from renal carcinoma library.MethodsRT-PCR and Northern blot was used to examine the expression level of ATF5 in renal cell line A498,786-O,GRC-I,293 and HK-2.The area absorbance value of ATF5 RNA was quantitative by computerized-imaging system.ResultsCompared with the controls,the expression level in renal cancer cell line(A498,786-O,GRC-I) and embryonal cell line (293)is much higher than that in the normal cell line HK-2.ConclusionsIt is indicated that ATF5 may play a significant role in the renal carcinogenesis through cross-talk with Wnt signal pathway.

Screening of the interaction protein with Wnt signaling molecular-TCF4 from renal carcinoma cDNA library by yeast two hybrid / 中华泌尿外科杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the interaction pr otein with Wnt signaling molecular-TCF4 in renal carcinogenesis.Me thodsThe N terminal and DNA binding domain of human T cell factor 4 (TCF4ND, 1～495 aa) was used as a bait to screen the renal carcinoma cDNA libra r y by yeast two hybrid.Results51 positive colonies were fished out such as ?-catenin,TCF4,activating transcription factor 5(ATF5),and 2 unknown genes.ConclusionsIt is indicated that exten sive signaling cross-talks between Wnt and other signaling pathways might play an significant role in renal carcinogenesis.

Effect of Icarrin on cGMP levels in penile corous cavernosum of rabbit / 中国药理学通报

AIM To investigate the effect of Icarrin on penile erection and cyclic GMP levels in rabbit corpus cavernosum(RCC). METHODS Effects of various concentration of Icariin on cGMP level in RCC were measured by 125 I radioimmunoassay procedure with Sildenafil and papaverine as the positive controls RESULTS In the presence of SNP, Icariin increased cGMP concentration in rabbit corpus cavernosum in a dose dependent manner ( P